Saturday, October 27, 2012

How Food Became Technology [Excerpt]

Patent protection helped transform agriculture into agribusiness


wheat Image: Flickr.com / Antaean

Editor's Note: Excerpted from Bet the Farm: How Food Stopped Being Food, by Frederick Kaufman. With permission from the publisher, Wiley. Copyright ? Frederick Kaufman, 2012.

Once upon a time, nymphs, sprites, and spirits ruled every?cavern, tree, field, and brook, and a meal was plucked from?a bush, scooped from the mud, or carved from the carcass?of some unfortunate creature. Then everything changed.?A tribe of infidels and heretics decided it could no longer?leave something as important as breakfast, lunch, and dinner?to the vagaries of chance and the whimsy of the gods. These revolutionaries drained lakes, rerouted rivers, chopped down?forests, and slashed straight into the guts of Mother Earth.?They were the first farmers.

Ten thousand years of meddling with food has not made the?meddling any more popular, even if the history of civilization?has hinged on the science of food. Assyrian bas-reliefs and?Sumerian cuneiform tablets depict artificial pollination?and manipulating the sex life of plants was one of the first?technological feats that enabled our world of abundant fruits?and vegetables, meat, bread, and chocolate.

What set the earliest agriculturalists apart from the even?earlier hunter-gatherers? As the first farmers denuded nature,?hoarded seeds, and engineered crops, they most likely appeared?to be mad scientists, coaxing mutant monsters from the black?earth. Of course, we no longer think very much about the fact?that almost everything we eat has been?domesticated and that?domestication implies a history of human intervention. In fact,?most people are unaware that the typical supermarket and?green market varieties of apples, oranges, lettuce, and raspberries are not at all the same as their wild cousins.

Domesticated fruits and vegetables are generally larger?than their undomesticated counterparts. They are sweeter and?more aromatic. Compared to their great-great-grandparents,?modern fruits and vegetables have lost their fuzz, their fiber,?their thorns, and their puberty. A modern tomato?heirloom,?organic, process, vine-ripened, or otherwise?bears little?resemblance to its puny, sour, undomesticated relations that?sprout in the Peruvian Andes. Tomato breeding has changed?tomatoes down to the DNA, and the successful varieties that?have found their way into our supermarket carts have been?cloned and cloned again.

The red jungle fowl of Thailand eventually became a Perdue chicken. The extinct aurochs of the Fertile Crescent?eventually became Holstein cows. The primeval apples of?Kazakhstan eventually became Gala and Red Delicious.?Ancient tillers of the earth needed at least 300 years to domesticate corn and more than 1,000 years to?domesticate wheat. But no one really knows how weeds first?became crops.

Did mongrel grains serendipitously meld together and?sprout from the sewage dumps of sedentary fishing tribes?(a current theory), or was the domestication of wheat grasses,?pomegranates, and fig trees a willful act of genius? The most?ancient of these technologies created new forms of life. And?our fear of Frankenstein predates Mary Shelley's monster.??In? The Winter's Tale, William Shakespeare laced Perdita's?voice with anxiety and disgust as she condemned "Nature's?bastards," new varieties of flowers created by Elizabethan?methods of artificial pollination. Not to worry, argued Polixenes, for "Nature is made better by no mean / But Nature?makes that mean; so over that art / Which you say adds to?Nature, is an art / That Nature makes."

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Friday, October 26, 2012

Pocket brings its 'read it later' service to Mac App Store, keeps its free status

Pocket brings its 'read it later' service to Mac App Store, keeps its free status

We know Pocket has had a strong presence on iOS, Android and other platforms for quite some time now, but today the service formerly known as Read it Later announced it is now making its way to a bigger Cupertino screen. Naturally, Pocket's new application isn't much different than its mobile versions, meaning it'll offer the same offline access, save-for-later features as it currently does on the mobile front but with a more "native Mac experience" -- of course, this includes the ability to sync across multiple devices, stream videos and share tidbits via those cherished social networks. What's more, Pocket won't be charging a dime for its novel and handy OS X app, though this shouldn't come as a surprise given the outfit's somewhat recently adopted no-cost model -- still, it's a gesture most people will certainly appreciate, and one you Mac folk can start enjoying now by downloading from to the desktop-based App Store.

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7 Winter Home Improvement Tips to Save You Money and Energy In ...

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This year?s record breaking summer high temperatures and general worrisome warming trend don?t necessarily mean that the coming winter will be a walk in the park. Before the cold weather strikes, get your home buttoned up and ready for it with our expert hands-on game plan, which?will not only make your home more comfortable and energy efficient, but save you some?money?while you?re at it. From big changes that will knock hundreds of dollars off your energy bill to smaller ones that need just?a bit of elbow grease and a few materials from your local hardware store, we?ll show you what you need to get the job done! So no matter if you rent or own your house, check out these 7 handy tips that we promise will make a real difference in keeping you warm and your energy bill manageable this winter.

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TIP 1: Get an Energy Audit

Before we get into the nitty-gritty, we should mention that the best way to get your home operating at its maximum efficiency is to hire a professional?BPI certified?energy rater to evaluate your spaces. This person will conduct what?s called an ?energy audit? and he or she will test your home for energy losses and safety issues, and generate a detailed report highlighting what your home?s issues are. With a report in hand you can easily?target and prioritize exactly what you need to do, and what you can afford to do.

If you can?t afford an energy audit, you can start to identify and remedy some problem areas on your own with the help of an infrared?thermometer, like the?Ryobi Non-Contact Infrared Thermometer. This handy gun allows you to safely measure surface temperatures and pinpoint spots where your home is experiencing air leaks or missing insulation. As energy efficiency expert David Johnson says, ?Air leaks account for 25-30% of an average?energy?bill, and this is one of the most profound steps that you can make for the betterment of your home?s comfort and reducing the amount of your monthly bill.?

Our tips ahead will address common problem areas seen in all types of homes, and they will offer solutions to problems that can be?easily?fixed, often without calling on help from a professional.

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TIP 2: Seal Your Walls

The mantra in green construction is: ?seal it tight, ventilate right?. The sealing part is about getting a handle on all the places where air penetrates?through?the wall and causes drafts and fluctuations to the temperature inside your home. A simple tube of high quality caulk and a plan to tackle all those problem areas can go a long way if you know where to look (hint: grab your infrared thermometer).

What keeps the outside air out of your home is typically the interior walls (or drywall), but you?ll find many holes that have been cut out of these walls to install your plugs and switches. If you have ever removed the face-plates of ?these plugs and switches during cold weather, you?ll have probably noticed some cold air pouring out. Reduce this leakage by using caulk to seal around the the area where the electric box meets the drywall.?If you?re comfortable working around electricity, head to the breaker, turn it off, then test the outlets to make sure they are really off. Once off, you can then pull them out of the box and begin to seal up all the little holes in the back of the box, including where the wires come through.

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TIP 3: Seal Your Home?s Can Lights

Other?notorious?culprits that contribute to air leaks are recessed lights found in the ceiling.?Many old can lights are actually vented on purpose to keep from being overheated by the lightbulb (they are called non-IC or non-insulation contact rated cans).?Because warm air rises, an unsealed can light below a roof is a big problem.?It?s a good idea is to remove the existing ring of this can and seal the can?s perimeter with caulk. The inside of the can should be sealed with either caulk or aluminum tape to keep your home?s warm air from escaping into the attic.

It?s very important that you not?put an incandescent bulb in the can. Instead, opt for something like a Cree LED recessed light?? this light is?dimmable, super-efficient and does not build up heat. Moreover, if you have a non-IC rated can, it?s a really good idea to put a note inside to not use incandescent lights in the future. An overheated fixture has the potential to cause serious problems. If you can?t give up your?incandescent, another approach is to go into the attic, install and seal a box made from drywall around the light, and then insulate from above. This has the added?benefit?of improving you r-value,?or insulating effectiveness.

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TIP 4: Look For Insulation Gaps

Anywhere you have something that penetrates the wall, there is bound to be an air leak. Check out the outside faucets, air vents and plumbing for large gaps where air can escape. Seal the penetrations with expanding foam so that every nook and cranny?is filled. Be careful to never seal next to a gas flue or you will have a fire hazard on your hands.

Once that is done, if you are ready to get dirty, check out where the foundation meets the house and crawlspace and fill those little forgotten cracks ? note areas where you see even the slightest bit of daylight passing through. There is even an expanding foam for the big holes?and a fire block version for holes between floors or for sealing electrical boxes. We also?recommend?practicing on a?scrap surface to see how the foam works. Remember to wear gloves when using the foam ? this stuff is really sticky before it sets!

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While expanding foam is ideal when dealing with air leaks, spray-and-go won?t always work with those extra big gaps. In spots that need an extra bit of air-stopping artillery, we recommend rolling out some insulation. But before grab for that pink stuff on the shelf ? a.k.a. fiberglass insulation ? we recommend that you consider using?Ultratouch denim insulation?instead. Unlike its counterpart, Ultratouch?is made from high-quality natural fibers (80% of which are post-consumer recycled)?that provide for extremely effective sound absorption and good thermal performance. You also won?t have to worry about getting the ?fiberglass itch??with the denim insulation; it is easy to handle and work with ? but we still?recommend?using a mask.?The perforated batts make off-size cavity installation easy. Simply measure, tear, carefully fit and cover with an air tight?barrier?and you are good to go.

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TIP 5: Check and Tune-up Your Heating System

Before the start of the cold season, it?s not a bad idea to tune up your furnace. 30% of an average?home?s energy costs?are?related to heating, and this number can spike further if you have inefficiencies with your furnace or boiler system. The first place to start is by replacing the filter at the beginning of the season and every couple of months while you run the furnace.?When purchasing a new filter, note that the cheap ones are made just to protect the furnace fan motor, so make sure to get a more?efficient and healthy pleated filter?for improved air quality.

A tune-up is a good way to cut down on energy, prevent carbon monoxide leaks, and keep the air inside your home safe and healthy for you and your family.?A tune-up should be a top priority, especially given that your furnace or boiler system will be running at full blast for months to come ? you don?t want it to give out right when you need it the most!?While the cost of a tune-up may at first glance seem like an unnecessary expenditure, keep in mind that small problems can easily turn into much larger, expensive replacements down the road. A?new furnace is a substantial financial investment ? regular maintenance postpones its replacement.

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Image:?Early morning frosty winter view through a window via Shutterstock

TIP 6: Check Your Windows

Windows that are unsuited for a home?s local climate can be a big contributor to inefficiency. If you live in an area that gets especially cold in the winter, investing in windows with insulated glass that?s double-paned or even triple-paned has the potential to transform the comfort of your home and your energy bill.

There are three main types of windows that are available on the market today and they include single-pane, double-pane, and super-triple-pane windows. Single- and double- pane windows are common in older houses, but windows in newer homes are commonly treated with?Low-emittance (low-E) coatings (this can include both super windows and double pane windows). Low-E?coatings?are microscopically thin, virtually invisible, metal or metallic oxide layers deposited on a window to suppress radiative heat flow. The coating keeps?radiant heat on the same side of the glass from which it originated, all while letting visible light pass ? which means in the winter heat is reflected in, and in the summer heat is reflected out.?Different types of Low-E?coatings have been designed to allow for high solar gain, moderate solar gain, or low solar gain, and their application will depend on what region your home is located.

Super windows are a more recent development that feature a third pane of treated glass, and in some cases?boast a krypton/argon/air gas mix?in between the panes. When it comes to thermal?performance, these windows are second to none and they can reduce your energy bill by?hundreds of dollars. The choices can be daunting when selecting new windows and payback long, so make sure to do?diligent?research?and ?tune? your windows to take advantage of solar heat.

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While?new windows?would be great for everyone, we understand that they are a hefty investment that require a lot of?technical?analysis from a skilled professional. Moreover,?new windows can often be just marginally more efficient than old ones (compared to your wall?s r-value for instance).?Energy?efficiency?is about looking at the home as a system, and this is a long-term investment you shouldn?t be hasty or thrifty about. Get an?energy audit?before?you make the plunge into making any window replacement.

With that said, there are many improvements that you can make to what you already have. They require just a little effort, but can pay out big in cash savings and improved comfort.?More simple remedies can easily be found on the shelves of your local hardware store. Purchase some caulk and cellular shades (insulating blinds) to really increase efficiency. Use caulk?to seal the window frame, and then setup your cellular shades. These shades are easy to install and work by creating pockets of air to insulate windows from the cold. A?good set of shades?can double or triple a window?s performance making these a no?brainier?for winter comfort and energy savings.

TIP 7: Install a Smart Thermostat

Ok, so you got through the grunt work, now its time to put in some sexy technology to really save some energy. Programmable thermostats (or t-stats) have gotten a bad rap for being difficult to use, and the EPA has yanked their Energy Star designation as a result. However, there are new, much more intuitive?designs?out there, like the?Wi-Fi enabled Honeywell t-stat. Honeywell?s model?not only lets you control the device from your iPhone or computer, but it tells you when there are significant temperature swings coming and even when the filter needs to be changed.

Programmable thermostats?come in many varieties and price ranges, and getting one can save the average household about $180?a year if it?s used right. The idea is simple: these smart devices allow you to?optimize your home?s energy-efficiency by setting pre-programmed temperatures for different situations, seasons and times.?For example, you probably don?t want to be paying for heat during the day when you?re not even there, right? You can set your?programmable thermostat?to automatically turn down the heat during those hours and turn it up when you and your family come home to save money and energy.

For even more energy-saving products, visit Home Depot?s?EcoOptions website.

+ EcoOptions

At?The Home Depot, we pride ourselves on being?sustainability minded. To make saving energy and money even easier, we?ve launched our?EcoOptions?website dedicated to?green products?such as WaterSense? and ENERGY STAR? labeled products and wood harvested from sustainable forests.?EcoOptions?also offers helpful tips for homeowners trying to?go green?to help you every step of the way. Whatever your home improvement project, we?ve got the?organic solutions?that can help make your?home healthier?and air cleaner; and products that can help you conserve water, be more?energy efficient?and save money.

Source: http://inhabitat.com/7-winter-home-improvement-tips-to-save-you-money-and-energy-in-the-cold-season/

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Thursday, October 25, 2012

Mountain Biking, an Excellent form of Recreation and Sports

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Given mntain biking is a recreational hobby wherein riders ride bicycles off-road on tough terrains. The bicycles used for these hobby is specifically manufactured to suit these kind of terrains which are generally tough and patchy. Such bikes are favoredly regarded as mntain bikes. These mntain bikes are especifically suitable for these kinds of environments. These forms of bikes look very similar to any other bike, but they are fitted with exclusive features to greatly enhance and improve the ride, consolation and most importantly performance on such terrains.Terrain biking are of different categories such as hybrid country, dirt jumping and trails to name a few. The most favored forms of mntain biking is the recreational and trail driving categories. One can perform mntain biking anywhere like on country back rds, off-road trails, zigzag rds thtough forests, on hills or mntains, areas and on roads. considering mntain biking involves journeyling on your own and most of the time being away from the civilization, the rider needs to be self-reliant in the hobby. The rider is expected to carry a backpack and be equipped with essential items like water, instruments expected for repairs, a first aid kit, and some crisis food packets in case of need arising from any unfortunate incident like accidents. mntain biking thtough clubs or in teams is very common on long treks. This hobby has received in favoredity after the year 1990 and is acknowledged as a form of recreational hobby.Some of the equipments one needs for mntain biking are, a good bike specifically made for performance on terrains which are tough. They have sure exclusive features like dual suspension, broader tires, and flat and raised treat for consolationable driving posture giving good control for the rider. These make of bikes come fitted with disc brakes and gears to assist in climbing hills which are steep and journey thtough bumpy surfaces. Due to these exclusive capabilities such bikes are heavier as compared to the regular tour bicycles. A rider also needs to carry sure accessories like helmets, gloves, first aid kit, GPS device, pumps to fill flat tires, a good shoe, instruments for the bike etc.hybrid country is the most favored form of off-road biking all over the earth. This involves journeyling from one point to another involving some climbs and descents on different forms of terrains. Trails involve jumping the bikes over obstacles without the rider's foot touching the land. It is generally performed off-road and needs good balance from the rider. just about just about every hobby has its risks and mntain biking also involves some risks. Without the use of any protective gears a rider can be susceptible to minor as well as some really serious accidents to head or spine especifically in downhill biking. With a protective gear one can avoid such really serious accidents.Australia has some excellent terrain biking tours which are eco certified, these tours come with instructions for just about just about every kind of biking practical experience be it the rainforest tours or the coastal tours on bikes. They cater to all kinds of rider amateur as well as seasoned. practical experience the adventures involved in mntain biking like any other hobby and also enjoy dynamics at its best. Such form of biking is a great stress buster.

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Source: http://pzaracza82p.skyrock.com/3120700349-Mountain-Biking-an-Excellent-form-of-Recreation-and-Sports.html

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CPR less likely for minorities on street or home

In this Tuesday, Oct. 23, 2012 photo, Mary Tappe holds up the defibrillator that she keeps in the trunk of her automobile during a work break at the Western Union headquarters in Englewood, Colo. Tappe owes her life to bystanders' willingness to offer help. In 2004, she collapsed at her office in Iowa. A co-worker called 911; another quickly began CPR and someone else used the office's automated heart defibrillator. An ambulance took Tappe to the hospital, where doctors said her heart had stopped. They never determined why but implanted an internal defibrillator. Tappe, 51, who now lives in Englewood, Colo., said raising awareness about the importance of CPR is "incredibly important because that's the first step" to helping people survive. (AP Photo/Ed Andrieski)

In this Tuesday, Oct. 23, 2012 photo, Mary Tappe holds up the defibrillator that she keeps in the trunk of her automobile during a work break at the Western Union headquarters in Englewood, Colo. Tappe owes her life to bystanders' willingness to offer help. In 2004, she collapsed at her office in Iowa. A co-worker called 911; another quickly began CPR and someone else used the office's automated heart defibrillator. An ambulance took Tappe to the hospital, where doctors said her heart had stopped. They never determined why but implanted an internal defibrillator. Tappe, 51, who now lives in Englewood, Colo., said raising awareness about the importance of CPR is "incredibly important because that's the first step" to helping people survive. (AP Photo/Ed Andrieski)

(AP) ? People who collapse from cardiac arrest in poor black neighborhoods are half as likely to get CPR from family members at home or bystanders on the street as those in better-off white neighborhoods, according to a study that found the reasons go beyond race.

The findings suggest a big need for more knowledge and training, the researchers said.

The study looked at data on more than 14,000 people in 29 U.S. cities. It's one of the largest to show how race, income and other neighborhood characteristics combine to affect someone's willingness to offer heart-reviving help.

More than 300,000 people suffer a cardiac arrest in their homes or other non-hospital settings every year, and most don't survive. A cardiac arrest is when the heart stops, and it's often caused by a heart attack, but not always. Quick, hard chest compressions can help people survive.

For their study, researchers looked at the makeup of neighborhoods and also the race of the victims. They found that blacks and Hispanics were 30 percent less likely to be aided than white people. The odds were the worst if the heart victim was black in a low-income black neighborhood.

The researchers also found that regardless of a neighborhood's racial makeup, CPR was less likely to be offered in poor areas. That shows that socio-economic status makes more difference than the neighborhood's racial makeup, said lead author Dr. Comilla Sasson, of the University of Colorado in Denver.

While few people in poor black neighborhoods got CPR, those who did faced double the odds of surviving. Overall, only 8 percent of patients survived until at least hospital discharge, but 12 percent of those who got bystander CPR did versus just 6 percent of those who did not.

About 80 percent of the cardiac arrest victims in the study had collapsed in their own homes. That suggests lack of knowledge about how to do CPR. But also, people tend to panic and freeze when they encounter someone in cardiac arrest, and they need to know that cardiopulmonary resuscitation is easier than many realize, Sasson said.

She said the study results should prompt public outcry ? especially since most people who suffer cardiac arrest in non-hospital settings won't survive and those statistics haven't changed in 30 years.

"We can't accept that anymore," she said. "It shouldn't matter where I drop to have someone help me."

The study appears in Thursday's New England Journal of Medicine.

The researchers analyzed data from 2005-2009 from a cardiac arrest registry coordinated by the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Emory University. They also examined U.S. Census data in cities where study patients were stricken ? including Atlanta; Boston; Columbus, Ohio; Denver; Houston; Nashville; and San Francisco. Whether similar results would be found in small cities or rural areas isn't known.

Much of the research was done before experts changed CPR advice in a move many think may encourage bystanders to offer help. American Heart Association guidelines issued in 2008 emphasize quick, hard chest compressions rather than mouth-to-mouth resuscitation ? removing some of the discomfort factor.

Mary Tappe owes her life to bystanders' willingness to offer help.

In 2004, she collapsed at her office in Iowa. A co-worker called 911; another quickly began CPR and someone else used the office's automated heart defibrillator. An ambulance took Tappe to the hospital, where doctors said her heart had stopped. They never determined why but implanted an internal defibrillator.

Tappe, 51, who now lives in Englewood, Colo., said raising awareness about the importance of CPR is "incredibly important because that's the first step" to helping people survive.

CPR specialist Dr. Dana Edelson, an assistant professor at the University of Chicago Medical Center, said the new research echoes smaller studies showing bystander CPR depends on neighborhood characteristics, including a Chicago study that found intervention occurred most often in integrated neighborhoods.

"Nothing that we do has as big an impact on survival as CPR, and it's so cheap," Edelson said, noting that online videos demonstrate how to do CPR.

It involves pushing hard and fast on the victim's chest; research has shown using the beat of the old Bee Gees song "Stayin' Alive" is a good guide.

"It's your ultimate low-budget solution to improving survival," Edelson said.

Dr. David Keseg, an emergency medicine specialist at Ohio State University, has helped teach CPR to eighth-graders in inner-city Columbus, Ohio. That includes giving them free classes and CPR kits.

"We tell them to take them home and show their families and neighborhoods how to do it," Keseg said.

"It's kind of a drop in the bucket," but it's the kind of targeted approach that is needed to improve the odds of surviving a cardiac arrest, he said.

___

Online:

New England Journal of Medicine: http://www.nejm.org

CPR: http://bit.ly/LhVoQl

___

AP Medical Writer Lindsey Tanner can be reached at http://www.twitter.com/LindseyTanner

Associated Press

Source: http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/386c25518f464186bf7a2ac026580ce7/Article_2012-10-24-Race-CPR/id-7d23adc8ca7240898a8cd7d3e269b7b8

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Wednesday, October 24, 2012

Clint Eastwood, Morgan Freeman: friends in film, rivals in political ads

LOS ANGELES (TheWrap.com) - Morgan Freeman, with the two "Unforgiven" stars recording dueling narrations in ads aimed at presidential election voters.

Eastwood's wizened vocals are currently injecting a healthy dose of machismo into a new spot for Mitt Romney, which is running in swing states like Colorado, Virginia and Ohio. It's backed by the pro-Romney superpac American Crossroads.

That Eastwood is going to bat for the GOP standard bearer is not much of a surprise given his Rococo rant at an empty chair during this year's Republican National Convention.

"Obama's second term would be a rerun of the first and our country just couldn't survive that," Eastwood, sans chair, warns. "We need someone who can turn it around fast and that man is Mitt Romney. There's not much time left - the future of our country is at stake."

On the opposite side of the aisle, Freeman is bringing the gravitas to an ad touting President Obama's accomplishments. The spot, from the Obama campaign, emphasizes that things are getting better even though the economy is still shaky. It began airing this month

"Every president inherits challenges," Freeman intones. "Few have faced so many. Four years later, our enemies have been brought to justice, our heroes are coming home, assembly lines are humming again. There are still challenges to meet: children to educate, a middle class to rebuild. But the last thing we should do is turn back now."

What do you think? Who did a better job of talking up their candidate? More important, will this political division prevent a "Million Dollar Baby" sequel from happening?

Source: http://news.yahoo.com/clint-eastwood-morgan-freeman-friends-film-rivals-political-205805183.html

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