Friday, September 30, 2011

Penn researcher helps identify 'superfast' muscles responsible for bat echolocation

Penn researcher helps identify 'superfast' muscles responsible for bat echolocation [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 29-Sep-2011
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Contact: Evan Lerner
elerner@upenn.edu
215-573-6604
University of Pennsylvania

PHILADELPHIA As nocturnal animals, bats rely echolocation to navigate and hunt prey. By bouncing sound waves off objects, including the bugs that are their main diet, bats can produce an accurate representation of their environment in total darkness. Now, researchers at the University of Southern Denmark and the University of Pennsylvania have shown that this amazing ability is enabled by a physical trait never before seen in mammals: so-called "superfast" muscles.

The work was conducted by Coen Elemans, John Ratcliffe and Lasse Jakobsen of Denmark, along with Andrew Mead, a graduate student in the Department of Biology in Penn's School of Arts and Science.

Their findings will appear in the journal Science.

Superfast muscles are capable of contraction about 100 times faster than typical body muscles and as much as 20 times faster than the fastest human muscles, those that control eye movement. Mead, who studies muscle physiology, and Elemans, who studies neuroscience and biomechanics, had previously collaborated in studying how superfast muscles help birds sing.

"Superfast muscles were previously known only from the sound-producing organs of rattlesnakes, birds and several fish," Elemans said. "Now we have discovered them in mammals for the first time, suggesting that these muscles once thought extraordinary are more common than previously believed."

With vision, animals receive a more-or-less continuous stream of information about the world. With echolocation, however, bats only get a snapshot of their environment with each call and echo, requiring them to make rapid successions of calls. When hunting a flying insect that can quickly move in any direction, bats need the most rapid updates on their prey's position in the instant before the catch. At this critical point, bats produce what is known as the "terminal buzz," where they make as many as 190 calls per second.

"Bat researchers assumed that the muscles that control this behavior must be pretty fast, but there was no understanding of how they worked," Mead said. "Research on superfast muscles is just a world apart from what they do. This study represents many worlds coming together: the muscle world, that bio-acoustics and echolocation world and the bat behavioral world."

The researchers tested the performance of the bats' vocal muscles by attaching one between a motor and a force sensor and electrically stimulating it to flex. When the motor was stationary, a single electric pulse allowed the researchers to measure the time that bat muscle took to twitch, or to contract and relax.

"The twitch gives us a sense of the time it takes for a muscle cell to go though all the steps, all the chemical reactions, necessary exert force and to relax again," Mead said. "The faster the muscle, the shorter the twitch. These muscles could go through all the motions in less than a hundredth of a second."

To approximate how much work the muscle was doing within the bat, however, the researchers had to change the length of the muscle while it was contracting. When the motor was on, it lengthened and shortened the muscle at a controllable rate. While the muscle was being stretched, the researchers stimulated the muscle to contract, so they could see if the muscle pulled on the motor harder than the motor pulled on the muscle.

The test to see if the muscle was truly of the superfast type involved increasing the speed of the motor to more than a 100 oscillations per second.

"You're always limited to how many twitches you can do in a given period of time," Mead said. "If you keep on increasing the frequency, doing twitch after twitch, you get to the point where the twitches begin to build on top of each other and the muscle doesn't fully turn off. We went to the highest cycling frequency where we still had evidence that the muscle was turning on and off. "

The researchers also did an experiment in which bats hunted insects in a chamber wired with microphones in order to determine the theoretical maximum frequency for a buzz without overlapping echoes, which could confuse the bat.

"We determined the power the muscles can deliver, much like how you measure a car's performance," Denmark's Elemans said. "We were surprised to see that bats have the superfast muscle type and can power movements up to 190 times per second, but also that it is actually the muscles that limit the maximum call rate during the buzz."

"You can think of it like a car engine," Mead said. "It can be tuned to be efficient, or tuned to be powerful depending on what you want it to do. It turns out that bats trade off a lot of force to be able to get these rapid oscillations. In a way it's like an engine that's been tuned for extremely high RPM."

Mead and Elemans plan further study of superfast muscles from a molecular and genetic perspective.

"With more and more genomes being sequenced, including one species of bat, and one from a bird we've studied,' Mead said, "we have some powerful tools to start pick apart whether or not similar genes are involved in various important roles."

###

The work was supported by the Danish Research Council, Carlsberg Foundation, Grass Foundation, Company of Biologists and Oticon Foundation.


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AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Penn researcher helps identify 'superfast' muscles responsible for bat echolocation [ Back to EurekAlert! ] Public release date: 29-Sep-2011
[ | E-mail | Share Share ]

Contact: Evan Lerner
elerner@upenn.edu
215-573-6604
University of Pennsylvania

PHILADELPHIA As nocturnal animals, bats rely echolocation to navigate and hunt prey. By bouncing sound waves off objects, including the bugs that are their main diet, bats can produce an accurate representation of their environment in total darkness. Now, researchers at the University of Southern Denmark and the University of Pennsylvania have shown that this amazing ability is enabled by a physical trait never before seen in mammals: so-called "superfast" muscles.

The work was conducted by Coen Elemans, John Ratcliffe and Lasse Jakobsen of Denmark, along with Andrew Mead, a graduate student in the Department of Biology in Penn's School of Arts and Science.

Their findings will appear in the journal Science.

Superfast muscles are capable of contraction about 100 times faster than typical body muscles and as much as 20 times faster than the fastest human muscles, those that control eye movement. Mead, who studies muscle physiology, and Elemans, who studies neuroscience and biomechanics, had previously collaborated in studying how superfast muscles help birds sing.

"Superfast muscles were previously known only from the sound-producing organs of rattlesnakes, birds and several fish," Elemans said. "Now we have discovered them in mammals for the first time, suggesting that these muscles once thought extraordinary are more common than previously believed."

With vision, animals receive a more-or-less continuous stream of information about the world. With echolocation, however, bats only get a snapshot of their environment with each call and echo, requiring them to make rapid successions of calls. When hunting a flying insect that can quickly move in any direction, bats need the most rapid updates on their prey's position in the instant before the catch. At this critical point, bats produce what is known as the "terminal buzz," where they make as many as 190 calls per second.

"Bat researchers assumed that the muscles that control this behavior must be pretty fast, but there was no understanding of how they worked," Mead said. "Research on superfast muscles is just a world apart from what they do. This study represents many worlds coming together: the muscle world, that bio-acoustics and echolocation world and the bat behavioral world."

The researchers tested the performance of the bats' vocal muscles by attaching one between a motor and a force sensor and electrically stimulating it to flex. When the motor was stationary, a single electric pulse allowed the researchers to measure the time that bat muscle took to twitch, or to contract and relax.

"The twitch gives us a sense of the time it takes for a muscle cell to go though all the steps, all the chemical reactions, necessary exert force and to relax again," Mead said. "The faster the muscle, the shorter the twitch. These muscles could go through all the motions in less than a hundredth of a second."

To approximate how much work the muscle was doing within the bat, however, the researchers had to change the length of the muscle while it was contracting. When the motor was on, it lengthened and shortened the muscle at a controllable rate. While the muscle was being stretched, the researchers stimulated the muscle to contract, so they could see if the muscle pulled on the motor harder than the motor pulled on the muscle.

The test to see if the muscle was truly of the superfast type involved increasing the speed of the motor to more than a 100 oscillations per second.

"You're always limited to how many twitches you can do in a given period of time," Mead said. "If you keep on increasing the frequency, doing twitch after twitch, you get to the point where the twitches begin to build on top of each other and the muscle doesn't fully turn off. We went to the highest cycling frequency where we still had evidence that the muscle was turning on and off. "

The researchers also did an experiment in which bats hunted insects in a chamber wired with microphones in order to determine the theoretical maximum frequency for a buzz without overlapping echoes, which could confuse the bat.

"We determined the power the muscles can deliver, much like how you measure a car's performance," Denmark's Elemans said. "We were surprised to see that bats have the superfast muscle type and can power movements up to 190 times per second, but also that it is actually the muscles that limit the maximum call rate during the buzz."

"You can think of it like a car engine," Mead said. "It can be tuned to be efficient, or tuned to be powerful depending on what you want it to do. It turns out that bats trade off a lot of force to be able to get these rapid oscillations. In a way it's like an engine that's been tuned for extremely high RPM."

Mead and Elemans plan further study of superfast muscles from a molecular and genetic perspective.

"With more and more genomes being sequenced, including one species of bat, and one from a bird we've studied,' Mead said, "we have some powerful tools to start pick apart whether or not similar genes are involved in various important roles."

###

The work was supported by the Danish Research Council, Carlsberg Foundation, Grass Foundation, Company of Biologists and Oticon Foundation.


[ Back to EurekAlert! ] [ | E-mail | Share Share ]

?


AAAS and EurekAlert! are not responsible for the accuracy of news releases posted to EurekAlert! by contributing institutions or for the use of any information through the EurekAlert! system.


Source: http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2011-09/uop-prh092911.php

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Posted by James on September 28, 2011

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Source: http://www.chem-moo-stry.org/make-a-change-to-guarantee-your-business-profits-and-success/

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Analysis Tests to Determine or Deny Occurrence of Diabetes ...


I am Deborah Susan, a dietician and fitness professional specializing in nutrition and health and fitness for diabetics. Today I?ll write on diagnostic tests it is possible to take to determine (or deny) occurrence of diabetes. Diagnostic tests to be able to confirm (or deny) occurrence of diabetes Essentially the most common tests will be the urine and hand prick test. Nonetheless, to be doubly convinced, you need to be able to conduct at least 2-3 lab tests which includes random or fasting bloodstream glucose test meter in addition to oral glucose building up a tolerance tests. If experiment results are good, it is advisable to redo that tests on a further randomly selected morning. Finger prick experiment. A finger is pricked which has a sterilized device plus a tiny drop connected with blood is collected and subjected to a accu-chek productive test strips. The strip is inserted right into a digital diabetic experiment strip and an immediate readout is attained. This test takes just one minute. Urine test Any chemical coated dipstick is dipped right into a ?sample bottle? which has a sample of one?s urine. The dipstick instantaneously changes color equal in shape to the degree of glucose in that urine. This test too takes just one minute. Random blood sugar test A diabetic syringes must be used to collect a smallish sample of your blood that is certainly then analyzed in the lab. The results tend to be delivered the next day. Oral glucose tolerance test You?re requested not to be able to eat or drink anything each day. A small bloodstream sample is used and sent for analysis into a laboratory. You are again requested to go to the clinic 1 hour after having lunchtime and fresh trial of blood is actually collected for investigation. The two before and post final results indicate your sugar tolerance level. A decreased tolerance level could indicate for you to either have Variety 2 diabetes or are to the verge of building it. Fasting Blood Suscrose Testing Your continue drink and meal needs to be at least 8 hours before taking this experiment. An insulin syringes must be used to collect a smallish blood sample that is certainly sent to that lab for investigation. The test results tend to be received the similar evening or next morning. If the many above test final results are returned good for presence connected with excessive glucose, I might suggest you redo the exam the following week preferably in the different clinic. If the minute test set very returns similar results than you will be sure you complete have diabetes. Normally, glucose above 6th millimoles / liter of blood seriously isn?t normal and you need to consult your health care provider immediately. If diabetes is actually confirmed, it would have been a good idea to be able to also run a checkup on your own body fat percentage through unwanted weight monitor, blood stress by automatic bloodstream pressure monitor, kidneys, lean meats and thyroid. Additionally you need to undergo a ft . examination (for lymphatic circulation and nerve supply) in addition to eye examination (check for virtually every damage due to be able to glucose buildup). This article concludes information Pondered to impart to the pre-diabetic stage. My next article shall manage post-confirmation stage post. e. monitoring your bloodstream glucose levels through blood glucose monitors at your home and how to manage your diabetes. Typefreediabetes supplies a full line connected with diabetic testing products, including adult incontinence supplement; supplements for diabetes, wrist bloodstream pressure monitor, sugar tablets, blood sugar monitors, durable diabetes professional medical equipment, Lancing devices several other home medical products and products. Typefreediabetes offers excellent products at discounted prices for a wide selection connected with quality name company equipment and products.

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    Source: http://www.agehealthily.com/analysis-tests-to-determine-or-deny-occurrence-of-diabetes

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    Control High Blood Pressure and Hypertension with Inderal ...

    Regularly prescribed blood pressure treatment Inderal Propranolol is a beta-blockers. Beta-blockers are a class of drugs that are used to control anxiety, panic, cardiac attack and hypertension. It performs by restricting the release of adrenaline through moments of anxiety, thus stopping excessive cardiac stimulation. Adrenaline is now and again referred to as the fight or flight neurotransmitter. It is let out when we face feelings of excessive anxiety and fear. Inderal Propranolol lowers the level of adrenaline let out during these times, as a result restricting the amount of cardiac stimulation and the danger of a cardiac attack. The function of this is to help us get ready for a fight or to flight away from a harmful situation. Inderal Propranolol is helpful for those who require calmness for a particular occasion or for those who need to control high blood pressure. Inderal Propranolol is widely taken by those who experience stage fright or for surgeons who require stable hands. It is more useful for those getting ready for an important event like an exam or a presentation. It can also be particularly useful for those who want to treat their post-traumatic stress. After a study in 2009 Inderal Propranolol was described in the medical journal Nature Neuroscience as a ?drug to cope with bad memories?. The study revealed how researchers from the University of Amsterdam confirmed how Inderal Propranolol could help ease anxiety that was associated with terrible memories, which is even enhanced than exposure therapy.. 40 mg 80 mg are the prescribed doses of Inderal Propranolol to regulate hypertension (high blood pressure). Inderal Propranolol is quickly and totally absorbed by the body in an hour to three hours after being consumed. The rapid action makes it very successful in preparation for a stressful time or event. This dose is also just right in helping to control hypertension whilst also keeping you calm.

    Tags: blood pressure, high blood, High Blood Pressure, control-high-blood-pressure, University of Amsterdam

    Source: http://www.212articles.com/control-high-blood-pressure-and-hypertension-with-inderal-propranolol/

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    Thursday, September 29, 2011

    Video: EU Tax To Hit Banks?

    Sorry, Readability was unable to parse this page for content.

    Source: http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/21134540/vp/44703084#44703084

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    Citrulline malate has taken the sports supplement market by storm, showing up in everything from Nitric Oxide Boosters to pre- workout combinations. What it is that makes this health supplement so awesome could be the range of health and overall performance citrulline malate powder rewards it?s for the body builder and basic athlete.

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    Source: http://lgracestudio.com/sports-supplements-that-you-should-be-acquiring-citrulline-malate

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    Wednesday, September 28, 2011

    How a Third Party President Could Successfully Govern (Atlantic Politics Channel)

    Share With Friends: Share on FacebookTweet ThisPost to Google-BuzzSend on GmailPost to Linked-InSubscribe to This Feed | Rss To Twitter | Politics - Top Stories News, News Feeds and News via Feedzilla.

    Source: http://news.feedzilla.com/en_us/stories/politics/top-stories/140820370?client_source=feed&format=rss

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    Rosey's BBQ In Ambler To Help Out With Ambler Flood Recovery at ...

    Rosey?s BBQ (9 North Main Street, Ambler) has seen first hand some of the terrible flood damage done to Ambler but Hurricane Irene. In a way of helping out their new neighbors, Rosey?s BBQ owner Chad Rosenthal has pledged to donate 10% of all his Ambler restaurant?s sales between October 1 and 15 to helping the Ambler Borough recover.

    Rosey?s, which just moved to Ambler (their 2nd location) in July, will be doubling their donation during this Saturday?s Oktoberfest in Ambler. Rosenthal added, ?Weather you enjoy our sweet, smoky ribs, BBQ chicken, pulled pork, beef brisket, smoked turkey or Southern style side dishes, you?ll contribute to helping Ambler recover from this unfortunate natural disaster.?

    Ambler?s Oktoberfest takes place from 10AM to 5 PM.

    Source: http://www.phoodie.info/2011/09/26/roseys-bbq-in-ambler-to-help-out-with-ambler-flood-recovery/

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    Living donor liver transplantation improves survival over deceased donor transplants

    ScienceDaily (Sep. 27, 2011) ? New research shows liver transplantation candidates without hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) derive a greater survival benefit from a living donor liver transplant (LDLT) than waiting for a deceased donor liver transplant (DDLT). The study now available in the October issue of Hepatology, a journal published by Wiley-Blackwell on behalf of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, reports that survival benefit from LDLT remains significant across the range of model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) scores, but this benefit was not apparent for low MELD candidates with HCC.

    Liver diseases such as hepatitis B and C, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and HCC can range in severity from mild to life-threatening liver failure. In end-stage liver disease, when patient life is at risk, transplantation is the recommended option. According to the Organ Procurement and Transplant Network (OPTN), as of September 2011 more than 16,000 Americans are on the waiting list to receive a liver. Between January and June 2011 OPTN reported 3108 liver transplants were performed in the U.S., with roughly 96% being DDLTs and 4% LDLTs.

    Previous studies found receipt of LDLT to be associated with improved survival compared with waiting for DDLT, however it remains unclear whether this advantage persists in candidates with low MELD scores (less than 15). "In order to better inform liver transplant candidates of survival outcomes, our study investigated the mortality risk of undergoing transplantation using livers from living donors versus waiting to receive a deceased donor organ," explains lead author Carl Berg, M.D., with the University of Virginia Health System.

    For the present study, data on liver transplant candidates and potential donors were supplied by transplant centers involved in the Adult-to-Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation Cohort Study. A total of 868 adult liver transplant candidates were included in the study and were followed for a mean of 4.6 years. Living donors of the study candidates were evaluated between February 2002 and August 2009 -- the period following MELD-based liver allocation. DDLT recipients transplanted at study centers were obtained for comparison during the same time period.

    Mortality for LDLT recipients was compared to mortality of candidates remaining on the waiting list or who received DDLT, with categories of MELD score lower or greater than 15, and HCC diagnosis. Researchers reported that of the potential LDLT recipients, 453 had MELD scores lower than 15 and 415 were greater than 15. Transplantation was performed on 712 candidates (406 LDLT; 306 DDLT), 83 died without transplant, and 73 remained without transplant at the final follow-up.

    "We found that survival was significantly higher for candidates without HCC who underwent LDLT, rather than waiting for DDLT," concluded Dr. Berg. Results showed that LDLT recipients had a 56% lower mortality rate, and among candidates without HCC the mortality benefit was seen in both patients groups -- those with MELD scores above and below 15. However, researchers did not observe a similar survival benefit for candidates with HCC who had MELD scores lower than 15.

    "Dr. Berg and colleagues have provided very valuable new insights that will help answer the important question of optimal time to transplant. However, this study group was composed of candidates who were deemed appropriate for LDLT and was not a randomized trial," said Julie Heimbach, M.D., an Associate Professor of Surgery with the Mayo Clinic College of Medicine in Minnesota, in her editorial also published in this month's issue of Hepatology. "Future studies validating quality of life outcomes following LDLT compared to prolonged wait listing or DDLT would assist physicians in advising patients and families in timing of and donor options for liver transplantation."

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    Story Source:

    The above story is reprinted (with editorial adaptations by ScienceDaily staff) from materials provided by Wiley-Blackwell, via EurekAlert!, a service of AAAS.

    Journal Reference:

    1. Julie K. Heimbach, Russell H. Wiesner. The benefit of living donor liver transplantation: Who and when? Hepatology, 2011; DOI: 10.1002/hep.24578

    Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

    Disclaimer: This article is not intended to provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Views expressed here do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

    Source: http://feeds.sciencedaily.com/~r/sciencedaily/~3/kwPvUNreBh0/110927112415.htm

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    Australia lifts ban on women in military combat

    London, Sep 28

    Australia has lifted all restrictions on the roles, including front-line combat, that women can carry out in its armed forces.

    "Suitably-qualified" women soldiers will be able to serve in the special forces, BBC reported.

    Canada, New Zealand and Israel already allow women in all military roles.

    Defence Minister Stephen Smith has said the ban would be lifted immediately but may take up to five years to implement.

    Australia's military has about 59,000 full-time troopers, including 1,500 who are serving in Afghanistan.

    As well as combat roles, women will now be eligible to serve in special forces units, if they can meet the entry standards.

    Smith said the move was "a logical extension to the very strongly held view in Australian society that all of us are equal irrespective of our backgrounds and irrespective of our sex".

    "From this day forward... no combat roles, no front-line role will be excluded from an Australian on the basis of his or her sex, it will be open to anyone to apply on the basis of merit," he was quoted as saying.

    "This is a significant and major cultural change."

    Critics, however, described the move as premature and a "political gimmick".

    Neil James, head of the lobby group Australian Defence Association, said the government was "jumping the gun" on research currently being carried out by defence officials about women's abilities in a military context.

    "It doesn't actually give us a lot of confidence that this is anything more than another political gimmick and a distraction," James told ABC radio.

    Source: http://www.prokerala.com/news/articles/a249977.html

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    Tuesday, September 27, 2011

    Parenting, The Ultimate Family Organizer

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    Beautiful and Tempting Food and Drink Packaging | Onextrapixel ...

    No matter what marketers are trying to sell us, there must be something about their product or service that draws our attention. With food and drink products that are fighting for our attention on supermarket shelves, packaging design is of paramount importance.

    Beautiful Food and Drink Packaging Design


    The designer needs to create packaging that will allow the manufacturers to keep the product within the price range of its competitors, and at the same time pique the interest of consumers enough to want to discover the delights inside.
    It?s a very tall order for designers, but as always in our modern world, they stand up to the challenge bravely and bring us amazing eye candy in the form of food and drink packaging.

    Here is a selection of 35 beautiful and tempting food and drink packaging designs from around the world.

    35 Beautiful Packaging

    Infuzions
    Infuzions

    Costco Rebrand
    Costco Rebrand

    Divine
    Divine

    Evolve
    Evolve

    True Coffee HotDog
    True Coffee HotDog

    El Gaucho
    El Gaucho

    SX Latin Liquors
    SX

    Scratch Meals
    Scratch Meals

    Porkinson
    Porkinson

    Raw Health
    Raw Health

    J.J. Pips
    JJPips

    MDC Foods
    MDC Foods

    Fresh & Easy
    Fresh and Easy

    True Rum
    True Rum

    Silver Hills Bakery
    Silver Hills Bakery

    Pams
    Pams

    Watmuff & Beckett
    Watmuff Beckett

    Blacksticks
    Blacksticks

    The Natural Confectionery Company
    The Natural Confectionery Company

    Just Add
    Just Add

    Tasty Pot Co
    Tasty Pot Co

    Butter! Better!
    Butter Better

    Peter Popple?s Popcorn
    Peter Popples Popcorn

    Lovetub
    Lovetub

    Mills & Co
    Mills Co

    Adriana Mini Pasta
    Adrianna Mini Pasta

    Seryab for Kids
    Seryab For Kids

    Oriental Leaf Tea
    Oriental Leaf Tea

    Xinti
    Xinti

    Mellow Chocolate Spread
    Mellow Chocolate Spread

    Hammock Bay Rum
    Hammock Bay Rum

    Babees Honey
    Babees Honey

    Soso Salts
    33 Soso Salts

    Long Tea
    Long Tea

    Sheffield & Sons for Bloom Grocery
    Sheffield Sons for Bloom Grocery

    Conclusion

    Have these designs left you drooling? They all send a strong message that there is something wonderful behind the packaging ? whether they are designs or redesigns for a brand or designs for promotional items. An even bigger task for packaging designers is to create designs to tempt the parents to buy the product, then to induce the children to want to consume it. There are some amazing examples of such designs in this round-up.

    Which of these products, if any, do you think you could not walk past without buying in the supermarket? Do you think they convey the intended message? Have you come across any other outstanding food and drink packaging that we may have missed from this list?

    Please share your thoughts and links with us in the comments below.

    Source: http://www.onextrapixel.com/2011/09/27/beautiful-food-and-drink-packaging-design/

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